Organization of Human Genome

[Charles]

I'm going to stop on Pitfalls of Science thread because I fear from the feedback that it could be not well understood. That's the problem. The intelligence on AA is quite high but it is difficult to understand why a person dies.

Summing up:

All disease can be traced back to a defective genome. DNA Replication, Transcription, and protein Translation in the current human cell produce enormous cumulative error and it is this error along with aging that kills you.

Reactivation of telomerase and the addition of an active process to supply the correct nucleotide or tRNA 100% of the time would go along way to help our race.

But let's move on to the organization of the human genome. Here's the bottom line: I believe you are missing about 97% of your genes.

We know that 30% of the genome is intronic. This is just a fancy word that means that only genes that contain introns can produce or code for protein. Introns are the spacers between the exons. Exons are the actual coded portions of your DNA and comprise about 1% of your genome. Introns do not contain code.

Here's a quote from Voet Fundamentals of Biochemistry 5th Edition p.933:

"Most Eukaryotic Transposons Resmble Retroviruses. Transposons occur in such distantly related eukaryotes as yeast, maize, fruit flies, and humans. In fact about 3% of the human genome consists of DNA-based transposons although, in most cases, their sequences have mutated so as to render them inactive; that is, these transposons are evolutionary fossils.

Most eukaryotic transposons exhibit little similarity to those of prokaryotes. Mostly, their base sequences resemble those of retroviruses, which suggest that these transposons are degenerate retroviruses. The transposition of these so-called retroviruses occurs via a pathway that resembles the replication of retroviral DNA: (1) their transcription to RNA, (2) the reverse transcriptase-mediated copying of the RNA to cDNA, and (3) the largely random insertion of the DNA into the host organism's genome as mediated by enzymes known as integrases (which resemble DNA transposases in structure and mechanism). Other retrotransposons replicate via a different mechanism. Collectively, retrotransposons account for nearly two-thirds of the human genome."

Reverse transcriptase is the hallmark of a retroviral infection. It cannot occur naturally in the human genome. The HIV virus employs reverse transcriptase to inset itself into the human genome. Reverse transcriptase is a part of the genome of the HIV virus.

cDNA is complementary DNA: "A primary distinction to be made between cDNA and gDNA is in the existence of introns and exons. Introns are nucleotides in genes that don't have any coding sequences. ... cDNA also does not contain any other gDNA that does not directly code for a protein (referred to as non coding DNA)."

gDNA is genomic DNA. 67% of your DNA is cDNA. cDNA does not contain introns. Only gDNA that contains introns can create protein. cDNA is not only useless it is very dangerous because it can jump at random from one location in the genome to another. If it happens to land in the wrong location, it can cause a fatal mutation, i.e. cancer or in the embryo a spontaneous abortion or something worse.

I know that you all are not physicians and basically lay folks but highly intelligent lay folks. Think about the above. . 67 + 30 = 97% non coding or useless/dangerous DNA. Also see pp.1039-1042 of Voet where the breakdown of the genome is presented differently, but the bottom line doesn't change significantly.

You see, it's all a matter of interpretation of data. The facts are apparent: about 30% of your DNA is non coding introns. About 67% is retroviral and either useless or dangerous.

The question becomes: How did the human genome get into such a mess or do you even think that it is in a mess? I have told you that medical science and science in general has gone down a huge rabbit hole. Guess what? You and I are in that rabbit hole right along with them. I don't find rabbit holes much fun. This rabbit hole is so severe you are not aware of it. It has become your reality. You think death a perfectly natural inevitable phenomenon because this is what "science" has told you.

[Charles]

The only food the body fully metabolizes is carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are returned to the atmosphere as CO2 and to the ground as H2O.

Proteins are incompletely metabolized because we are missing the genes. Proteins should be fully metabolized to Nitrogen (N2), CO2, and water.

Fats are incompletely metabolized to ketone bodies. The ketone bodies are excreted in the urine. In diabetic ketoacidosis there is a tremendous excess of these ketone bodies due to the inability of the body to provide the necessary insulin for carbohydrate metabolism. This excess of ketone bodies causes the metabolic acidosis associated with this condition. I have treated probably 100 cases of diabetic ketoacidosis. You do not end the treatment (insulin) with normalization of the blood sugar but with normalization of blood ph. Frequently you must hang glucose while you are continuing the IV insulin in order to prevent hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). It is a common mistake to incompletely treat the condition. DKA should be treated until the acidosis is fully resolved.

There is no reason why the human body should not be very close to 100% metabolic efficiency. The current human body is about 20% efficient. All the genes are present in nature but we don't have them in our genome.

It is the abject failure of medical science and science in general to recognize our genome as malfunctioning and incomplete (missing a huge number of genes) which causes our disease and death and the reason you and I will never have good medical care.

Here's a question: Why do we only have two alleles? Alleles are protein coding genes.

"An allele is one of two or more versions of a gene. An individual inherits two alleles for each gene, one from each parent. If the two alleles are the same, the individual is homozygous for that gene."

"Protein-coding genes almost never occur in multiple copies, presumably because the repeated translation of a few mRNA transcripts, provides adequate amounts of most proteins". (Voet p.1038 Fundamentals of Biochemistry 5th Edition).

This is a weak answer as for the reason for this vital fact. If we had multiple copies (multiple alleles), then many harmful genetic mutations could be cured. One does not develop sickle cell anemia which is an autosomal recessive genetic disease until both alleles have the harmful mutation. Multiple copies could potentially cure all autosomal recessive disorders.

This is where we should be spending our money. Not on building larger and larger super colliders or space telescopes. But medical science is not interested in curing you. It is interested in treating you with organ transplants and super expensive pharmaceuticals until it has sucked you dry.

BTW, your exons are randomly scattered throughout your genome amongst a veritable jungle of gibberish. It's a bit like trying to find an apple in the amazon rain forest. No one and I mean no one understands how the human cell can access an exon in a timely manner needed to produce a protein.